COURAGE

connecting collections

The manuscripts of Jan Zahradníčekʼs poems written in Pankrác Prison were hidden by Václav Sisel, a guard and technical chief in the prison print shop. Until 1968, these manuscripts were buried in the garden of Siselʼs cottage near the Sázava River. In the spring of 1968, Sisel decided to dig these manuscripts out. In the short period of liberalization called the “Prague Spring” it was possible to once again speak about “forbidden” authors and to discuss the persecutions of the 1950s. That is why Sisel believed that it was a moment when Zahradníčekʼs poems could be brought to light. He gave these manuscripts to Zahradníčekʼs fellow prisoners, writers František Křelina and Josef Knap. Eventually, Zahradníčekʼs poems ended up in the Museum of Czech Literature.

The photographs taken by Tomislav Peternek in June 1968 were shown the same year in the House of Youth (Dom omladine) in Belgrade. The manager at the time, Nikola Marković, organised the display of ‘hot photos’. In order to avoid censorship and a ban on holding the exhibition, it was agreed that no one would speak at the opening and that little would be said about the show in advance. The photographs were fixed on panels and covered with protective paper. Well-known actress Snežana Nikšić unmasked each individual picture. With this symbolic gesture, the public was for the first time shown what had happened in the course of those seven stormy days in Belgrade. The photographs produced at that time by Peternek are of exceptional documentary and historical value. The exhibition was reconstructed in June 2018 in Belgrade’s House of Youth, fifty years after the student protests in the city. 

Hungarian researchers began studying the traditional culture of the city of Szék and the surrounding area in Romania in the 1940s, but their findings were only published in the 1970s. It was striking that Romanian folk dance groups did not include dances from Szék in their shows, and the locals from Szék did not present dances at national folklore festivals and competitions before 1969. Szék became popular among professional and amateur researchers because of a monograph on the region on which planning began at the end of the 1950s. Hungarian researchers, therefore, started to travel to Szék in the second half of the 1950s. In this period, travel was not easy, but it was possible. In 1965, Ferenc Novák wrote a paper about the dance culture of Szék. For a long time, only silent films were available about the dance culture of Szék. The turning point came in 1969, when Zoltán Kallós, György Martin, and Pál Sztanó cooperated with the Romanian Academy of Sciences and shot sound films about the Szék folk dances. This constituted an important breakthrough in the research, because the music could be heard while audiences saw the dances, so it became possible to learn the steps. Between 1959 and 1969, six sound dance films were made by Ferenc Novák, Gyula Varga, Jolán Borbély, Gabriella Böröcz, László Gurka, László Vásárhelyi, Zoltán Kallós, and György Martin.
In the middle of the 1960s, photographer Péter Korniss also travelled to Szék and took thousands of photos of traditional folk dance houses. The interest in the folk dances of Szék grew thanks to the sound films, and soon, more and more ethnographers, folklorists, photographers, amateur researchers, and people with an interest in traditional folk culture traveled to the city. These events are closely linked to the new wave of folklorism in Hungary, the so-called “Fly Peacock Festivals.” In the first dance house, which was held on 6 May 1972, the participants could imitate the style and atmosphere of a traditional dance house in Szék thanks to the work done by the people who had compiled collections on the music and dances of Szék. 
Today, these films are available in color and digital versions.

Michael Bourdeaux, with help from Sir John Lawrence, Leonard Schapiro and Peter Reddaway, founded the Centre for the Study of Religion and Communism, forerunner of the Keston Center profiled in this registry. When the group purchased vacant property in Kent, England in 1974, the institution was renamed the Keston College. Active during the last two decades of the Cold War, the Keston College and Keston Institute (renamed 1994) called themselves as the “voice of the voiceless” and defenders of the faith. Dissemination of information on religious life in the Soviet countries was a crucial pillar of the institution’s mission. Thus, the staff committed personnel and resources to obtaining information on religious dissent and other oppositional movements on the part of repressed religious minorities. 

The Constituent Congress of the Roma-Gypsy Union was held in Brno on 30^th August 1969. There were 176 delegates from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia with a majority of them being men. The downing session was opened by Antonín Daniel, a member of the Central Committee. Representatives of various ministries and state and party bodies attended the congress. After the initial welcome, the participants of the Congress greeted Roma victims of Nazism. The key speeches were the speech by Tomáš Holomek and Miroslav Holomek. Tomáš Holomek started the meeting and according to him the history of the Roma was characterised by "... oppression, persecution, racial discrimination and attempts to assimilate violently, with tendencies of physical liquidation and genocide." The period after the war saw a new hope for the Roma. According to Tomáš Holomek, the Union should become a means of "self-realisation of the Roma, of whom almost a third were illiterate, and most of them lived in difficult social conditions." After the opening speech of Tomáš Holomek, a discussion took place, where more than 20 delegates made their contributions. The final speech was given by Miroslav Holomek, who summed up the discussion and also characterised the future activity of the association and its focus. He outlined the most serious problems that the Roma community faces and identified them as priority tasks. These include, for example, health, social, educational, housing, etc. He also addressed the issue of the Roma community as well as the importance of promoting and creating Roma pride. This contribution ended the first congress of the Roma in the Czech lands.